1. Từ và ý nghĩa đúng
2. Các ví dụ “con một” theo nghĩa sinh học
a) Lu-ca 7:12 – Con trai duy nhất của một góa phụ
b) Diodorus Siculus – “Con trai duy nhất của vua”
3. Các ví dụ về “con cái” nhưng không phải là con duy nhất
a) Josephus – Izates
4.
Các ví dụ không phải là con cái, nhưng mang nghĩa “độc nhất vô nhị”
a) Plutarch (mô tả người)
b) Isocrates
c) Thucydides
Kết luận:
ENGLISH
The Greek word μονογενής (monogenēs) is often translated simply as “only son,” especially in religious contexts.
However, the original meaning of this word is not limited to “only child” in a biological sense, but also carries the meaning of “unique,” “one of a kind,” “without equal.”
1. The word and its proper meaning
μονογενής is a compound word:
- μόνος (monos) = only, alone, unique
- γένος (genos) = kind, nature, lineage, stock, race
Therefore, μονογενής means:
“unique in its kind”
or “one-of-a-kind by nature,”
not necessarily “the only child born.”
2. Examples of “only child” in the biological sense
a) Luke 7:12 – The only son of a widow
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐξήρχετο τεθνηκὼς μονογενὴς υἱὸς τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ…
“And behold, a dead man was being carried out, the only son (monogenēs) of his mother…”
Here, monogenēs clearly means an only child — with no siblings.
b) Diodorus Siculus – “The king’s only son”
μονογενὴς υἱὸς βασιλέως
“The only son of the king.”
This is also a biological usage, with no other sons mentioned.
3. Examples involving children, but not meaning an only child
a) Josephus – Izates
In Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus writes about Izates, the son of King Monobazus:
“…Monobazus loved Izates more than all his other sons, though he had many sons… Yet he called Izates μονογενής.”
Analysis:
Izates was not the only son, but the special, “unique” son in his father’s eyes.
This is a qualitative meaning, not a biological one.
4. Examples not referring to children, but carrying the meaning “one of a kind”
a) Plutarch (describing a person)
μονογενής καὶ ἀνέχρηστος
“Unique and irreplaceable.”
Here, the meaning is “one of a kind” — unrelated to sonship.
b) Isocrates
μονογενὴς ἀρετῆς
“Unique in virtue.”
Here, monogenēs refers to a unique quality — no one equals that moral excellence.
c) Thucydides
μονογενὴς τοῦ γένους
“The only one of the lineage.”
This can be understood as the last or the sole bearer of a family’s identity, not necessarily an “only son.”
Conclusion
μονογενής does not mean only “only son,” but is also used to refer to:
- A special, unique son (even when not the only child)
- An irreplaceable individual, unique in quality or role
Therefore, in passages such as John 3:16 — “God gave His monogenēs” — translating it as “the Unique One” or “the One and Only” better reflects the original meaning and avoids the misunderstanding that God has “only one child.”
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